Sunday, December 13, 2009
Rizal : Prelim Notes
RIzal NOTES
11 Evils during the time of Rizal
1. Instability of Colonial Administration
- instability of spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII
- proof: 1 magistrate was assigned to the Philippines but use the route through the cape of Good hope.
THus after arriving in the country another JURIST was there claiming that he was assigned after him and is now occupying his position.
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
- spaniards who were sent to the Philippines were not the likes of the spaniards during the Siglo de Oro.Men of the likes of Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega, etc.
- such that men of the likes of Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo, a boastful ruthless general.Commanded the execution of the Gomburza
- Gen. Primo de Rivera. became rich by accepting bribes from the casinos in manila which he scandalously allowed to operate.
3. Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
- spanish cortes(spanish parliament)
- representatives were sent to the mother country as a democratic act of spain thus allowing the colonies to air out their problems and needs.
- first representative: Ventura de los Reyes (he was successful because he was zealous towards his work).
- Only the first period of the delegation was successful because it is only de los reyes who was devoted and energetic in parliamentary works.
4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
- connected to Racial Discrimination, filipinos were deprived of their freedom of speech, press, association, and other human rights except the freedom of religion.
5. No Equality before the Law
- we are seen only equal in the eyes of God. but in the eyes of the spaniards filipinos are of lower clas compared to the spaniards.
6. Maladministration of Justice
- Justice was costly, partial and slow.
- It takes too much money to hire a lawyer who would protect you as a FIlipino
- The decision is partial specially when it is a spaniard who committed the crime. NOnetheless if you are of the locals you will be treated as if you are a convict.
7. Racial Discrimination
- Filipinos were called indios (indians).
- despite the teachings of christ about equality, filipino men and women were treated no less than an animal. THus emphasizing the idea that filipinos are of the lower class compared to the spaniards.
8. Frailocracy
- a government owned by the friars
- controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines and later in the 19th century they came to acquire political power, influence and riches.
9. Forced Labor
- also known as Polo, Polistas are the people who perform polo
- compulsory labor imposed to adult males.
- Originally, males from 16 - 60 years old were obliged to work for 40 days a year.
- by Royal Decree, it was changed to 16 - 18 years old and reduced numbers to 15.
- the provision included the spanish males but it was never implemented for it is the filipinos who did the dirty work.
- the well-to-do were able to escape the maual labor by paying the falla - the sum of money paid to the gov't. in order to be exempted.
- polistas are supposed to recieve 50 cents or 2 pesetas, but was recieving only half of it, worst nothing.
10. Haciendas owned by Friars
- Different religious orders were the richest landlords.
- Friars were recognized as legal owners of the said lands because they obtained royal titles of ownership from the spanish crown.
11. The Guardia Civil
- purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the Philippines.
- patterned after the famous and well disciplined GUardia Civil in Spain
JOse Rizal
- birth: June 19, 1861
- calamba, laguna
- 3 days old, baptized by Fr. Rugino Collantes. His Godfather was Father Pedro Casana
- name jose was chosed as a sign of his mother's devotion to San JOse
- 7th of the 11 siblings
- father: Fransisco Mercado; studied latin and Philosophy at the college of San JOse
- mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda; studied at the College of Santa Rosa - - was described as the woman of more culture
SIBLINGS
1. Saturnina - married to Manuel Hidalgo
2. Paciano - confidant of Rizal; joined the philippine revolution after the execution of rizal
3. Narcisa - (sisa) married antonio lopez
4. Olimpia - (ypia) married sylvestre ubaldo
5. Lucia - married to mariano herbosa( denied of a christian burial because he is a bro-in-law of Riza)
6. Maria - (biang) married Daniel Faustino Cruz
7. Jose - greatest filipino hero
8. Concepcion - (concha) died at the age of 3. Her death was rizal's first sorrow
9. Josefa - (panggoy) died an old maid at 80
10. Trinidad - (Trining) old maid 83 yrs of age
11. Soledad - (choleng) married Pantaleon Quintero
ANCESTRY:
- In his veins flowed the blood of East and West- Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish
- predominantly he was Malayan.
- great great grandfather was Domingo Lameo, a chinese immigrant from Fukien City of Changchow
- became a christian and married a well-to-do Chinese Christian Girl of Manila Named Ines de la Rosa
- Domingo in 1731 assumed the surname Mercado which was appropriate for him because he is a merchant.
- MErcado means Market
CLASS:
- Belong to the Principalia,
- Rizal family was able to live well was they earned from farms which were rented from the dominican order. they harvested rice corn and sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens and turkets.
- Dona Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour mill and a home made ham press
- HOuse is made of a large stone situated near the town church
- owned a carriage which is a status sumbol of the ilustrados and a private library which consisted of 1000 volumes.
IN CALAMBA
- a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican ORder
- Rizal wrote the poem Un Recuerdo A mi Peublo in honor of his town
- rizal was teased as Manong Kose bu the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras because of his religiousity.
- as he was of the young age, he was told so many stories by her mother, one of which, which is also his favorite is the story of the moth. He was amused of its curiousity and a life lived filled with sheer illusion.
- at the age of 8 he wrote the poen Sa aking mga Kababata
3 InFLUENCEs
- Hereditaty Influence
- Environmental Influence
- Aid of Divine Providence
11 Evils during the time of Rizal
1. Instability of Colonial Administration
- instability of spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII
- proof: 1 magistrate was assigned to the Philippines but use the route through the cape of Good hope.
THus after arriving in the country another JURIST was there claiming that he was assigned after him and is now occupying his position.
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
- spaniards who were sent to the Philippines were not the likes of the spaniards during the Siglo de Oro.Men of the likes of Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega, etc.
- such that men of the likes of Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo, a boastful ruthless general.Commanded the execution of the Gomburza
- Gen. Primo de Rivera. became rich by accepting bribes from the casinos in manila which he scandalously allowed to operate.
3. Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
- spanish cortes(spanish parliament)
- representatives were sent to the mother country as a democratic act of spain thus allowing the colonies to air out their problems and needs.
- first representative: Ventura de los Reyes (he was successful because he was zealous towards his work).
- Only the first period of the delegation was successful because it is only de los reyes who was devoted and energetic in parliamentary works.
4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
- connected to Racial Discrimination, filipinos were deprived of their freedom of speech, press, association, and other human rights except the freedom of religion.
5. No Equality before the Law
- we are seen only equal in the eyes of God. but in the eyes of the spaniards filipinos are of lower clas compared to the spaniards.
6. Maladministration of Justice
- Justice was costly, partial and slow.
- It takes too much money to hire a lawyer who would protect you as a FIlipino
- The decision is partial specially when it is a spaniard who committed the crime. NOnetheless if you are of the locals you will be treated as if you are a convict.
7. Racial Discrimination
- Filipinos were called indios (indians).
- despite the teachings of christ about equality, filipino men and women were treated no less than an animal. THus emphasizing the idea that filipinos are of the lower class compared to the spaniards.
8. Frailocracy
- a government owned by the friars
- controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines and later in the 19th century they came to acquire political power, influence and riches.
9. Forced Labor
- also known as Polo, Polistas are the people who perform polo
- compulsory labor imposed to adult males.
- Originally, males from 16 - 60 years old were obliged to work for 40 days a year.
- by Royal Decree, it was changed to 16 - 18 years old and reduced numbers to 15.
- the provision included the spanish males but it was never implemented for it is the filipinos who did the dirty work.
- the well-to-do were able to escape the maual labor by paying the falla - the sum of money paid to the gov't. in order to be exempted.
- polistas are supposed to recieve 50 cents or 2 pesetas, but was recieving only half of it, worst nothing.
10. Haciendas owned by Friars
- Different religious orders were the richest landlords.
- Friars were recognized as legal owners of the said lands because they obtained royal titles of ownership from the spanish crown.
11. The Guardia Civil
- purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the Philippines.
- patterned after the famous and well disciplined GUardia Civil in Spain
JOse Rizal
- birth: June 19, 1861
- calamba, laguna
- 3 days old, baptized by Fr. Rugino Collantes. His Godfather was Father Pedro Casana
- name jose was chosed as a sign of his mother's devotion to San JOse
- 7th of the 11 siblings
- father: Fransisco Mercado; studied latin and Philosophy at the college of San JOse
- mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda; studied at the College of Santa Rosa - - was described as the woman of more culture
SIBLINGS
1. Saturnina - married to Manuel Hidalgo
2. Paciano - confidant of Rizal; joined the philippine revolution after the execution of rizal
3. Narcisa - (sisa) married antonio lopez
4. Olimpia - (ypia) married sylvestre ubaldo
5. Lucia - married to mariano herbosa( denied of a christian burial because he is a bro-in-law of Riza)
6. Maria - (biang) married Daniel Faustino Cruz
7. Jose - greatest filipino hero
8. Concepcion - (concha) died at the age of 3. Her death was rizal's first sorrow
9. Josefa - (panggoy) died an old maid at 80
10. Trinidad - (Trining) old maid 83 yrs of age
11. Soledad - (choleng) married Pantaleon Quintero
ANCESTRY:
- In his veins flowed the blood of East and West- Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish
- predominantly he was Malayan.
- great great grandfather was Domingo Lameo, a chinese immigrant from Fukien City of Changchow
- became a christian and married a well-to-do Chinese Christian Girl of Manila Named Ines de la Rosa
- Domingo in 1731 assumed the surname Mercado which was appropriate for him because he is a merchant.
- MErcado means Market
CLASS:
- Belong to the Principalia,
- Rizal family was able to live well was they earned from farms which were rented from the dominican order. they harvested rice corn and sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens and turkets.
- Dona Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour mill and a home made ham press
- HOuse is made of a large stone situated near the town church
- owned a carriage which is a status sumbol of the ilustrados and a private library which consisted of 1000 volumes.
IN CALAMBA
- a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican ORder
- Rizal wrote the poem Un Recuerdo A mi Peublo in honor of his town
- rizal was teased as Manong Kose bu the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras because of his religiousity.
- as he was of the young age, he was told so many stories by her mother, one of which, which is also his favorite is the story of the moth. He was amused of its curiousity and a life lived filled with sheer illusion.
- at the age of 8 he wrote the poen Sa aking mga Kababata
3 InFLUENCEs
- Hereditaty Influence
- Environmental Influence
- Aid of Divine Providence
Political Science Notes
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Definition:
- May be defined as the study of the state and government. The word political comes from the Greek word ¡°polis¡±, which means a ¡°city-state¡±, the only form of government known to the ancient Greeks. The word ¡°Ciencia¡±, meanwhile, means knowledge or study. From the word polis comes other derivatives, such as polites(citizen) and politikos (government official). Thus, in Filipino, the word politiko has come to mean a politician, or someone involved in government and politics.
Birth and Development of Political Science
Began as early as the 14th century B.C. When Aristotle wrote Politics
Aristotle became the father of political science(Man by Nature is a political Animal!)
As a branch of Modern Learning, the subject political science has undergone 3 stages of development
Religious stage
Metaphysical Stage
Modern Stage
Religious Stage
The government with its leaders and laws was considered as divine or divinely-inspired. This stage began during the prehistoric era and continued as long as the divine right of Kings.
Metaphysical Stage
The state is now considered as a human institution (no longer divine).
The state is now glorified at the expense of the individuals who comprise it and laid the foundations of modern totalitarian governments.
Modern Stage
The state is still considered as a human institution but it was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and subjects according to certain principles and laws.
Proponent of this stage is Niccolo Machiavelli (writer of THE PRINCE). – also credited as the ¡°Father of Modern Politics¡±
Scope of Political Science
Political Theory
Doctrines related to the origin, form, behaviour and purposes of the state.
Public Law
A.) Organization of the Government
B.) Limitations of Government Authority
C.) Powers and Duties of Governmental Offices/Officers
D.) Obligations of the State
Scope of Political Science
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
HISTORY
¡°History is past politics – Politics is present history¡±
Economics
¡°Pol. Sci. Was once paired with economics thus was called ¡®Political Economy¡¯. Economic development affect the organization, development and activities of the state.¡±
Geography
¡°Geopolitics¡±
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
Sociology and Anthropology
¡°Concerned with the origins and nature of social control and government authority.¡±
Psychology
¡°Promotes mental and emotional processes¡±
Philosophy
¡°The concepts of Plato, Aristotle, Locke and etc. Are underlying forces in the framing of the constitution and laws.¡±
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
Statistics/ Logic
¡°A political scientist must employ scientific and systematic methods in gathering and evaluating data and in drawing conclusions ¡°
Jurisprudence
¡°A branch of public law which is a concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems and also with the ethical historical, sociological, psychological foundations of law.¡±
Function and Importance of Political Science
Discover Principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and study of operations of Government
Findings and Conclusions may be of immense practical use to constitution makers.
Deals with problems of social welfare, government economic programs, international cooperation...
Goals of Political Science
Education for Citizenship
Essential Parts of Liberal Education
Knowledge and understanding of the Government
THE STATE
THE STATE
A sovereign state, commonly simply referred to as a state, is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it difficult to exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states.
- wiki
THE STATE
Definition of the State:
In Political Science, the state is a group of people, permanently inhabiting a definite territory, independent from foreign rule, and having an organized government.
- Zaide
THE STATE
Definition of the State:
A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portions of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control
- De leon
Elements of the State
For the State to be recognized in the international community, it has to have all these four elements or else it will not to be a real state:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
People
The people is the most important element in a nation; the spirit of the land and grain are next; the sovereign(ruler) is the least in importance
- Mencius
Without the people that comprises the state; there would be no state as such. (Antarctica; comprises 10% of the worlds area but it is not a state)
Number of People in a state may vary ( China / Vatican)
Territory
Every State must have a territory which it exercises full control. The territory may vary from a mere dot on the map to a greater part of a continent or potions of two continents.
E.g. Australia( worlds smallest continent)
Russia (largest state)
Vatican (smallest state)
Government
A state must have a machinery of political administration, which is obeyed by the people and which is able to enforce its authority.
There is no standard form of government; it may be a monarchy, republic, democratic or dictatorship
Sovereignty
Means supreme authority in internal affairs and freedom from foreign control.
2 aspects:
Internal Sovereignty which means complete authority to rule over the people inside the state
External sovereignty which is independent from foreign control.
Sovereignty
An effective Sovereignty have 3 aspects;
Permanence
Exclusive
Comprehensiveness
Origin of the State
Divine Right Theory
It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the laws which Moses received at Mount Sinai.
Necessity or Force Theory
It maintains that states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.
Origin of the State
Paternalistic Theory
It attributes the origin of the states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father and mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation, and the nation became a state.
Origin of the State
Social Contract Theory
It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberately and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE and a NATION
1. State is a political concept and nation is an ethnic concept. A Nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term is more strictly synonymous with ¡°People¡±
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE and a NATION
2. A State is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of external control
3. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples and conversely, a single nation may be made of several states.
STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM GOVERNMENT
The acts of the government (within the limits of the delegation of powers) are the acts of the state, the former is meant when the latter is mentioned, and vice versa.
The government is only the agency through which the state expresses its will. A state cannot exist without the government, but it is possible to have a government without a state.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
As to the number of persons exercising sovereign:
a.) Monarchy
- Absolute Monarchy
- Limited Monarchy
b.) Aristocracy
c.) Democracy
- Direct or Pure Democracy
- Indirect, Representative, or Republican Democracy
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
2. As to the extent of powers exercised by the central or national government:
a.) Unitary Government
b.) Federal Government
3. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the Government
a.) Parliamentary Government
b.) Presidential Government
Definition:
- May be defined as the study of the state and government. The word political comes from the Greek word ¡°polis¡±, which means a ¡°city-state¡±, the only form of government known to the ancient Greeks. The word ¡°Ciencia¡±, meanwhile, means knowledge or study. From the word polis comes other derivatives, such as polites(citizen) and politikos (government official). Thus, in Filipino, the word politiko has come to mean a politician, or someone involved in government and politics.
Birth and Development of Political Science
Began as early as the 14th century B.C. When Aristotle wrote Politics
Aristotle became the father of political science(Man by Nature is a political Animal!)
As a branch of Modern Learning, the subject political science has undergone 3 stages of development
Religious stage
Metaphysical Stage
Modern Stage
Religious Stage
The government with its leaders and laws was considered as divine or divinely-inspired. This stage began during the prehistoric era and continued as long as the divine right of Kings.
Metaphysical Stage
The state is now considered as a human institution (no longer divine).
The state is now glorified at the expense of the individuals who comprise it and laid the foundations of modern totalitarian governments.
Modern Stage
The state is still considered as a human institution but it was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and subjects according to certain principles and laws.
Proponent of this stage is Niccolo Machiavelli (writer of THE PRINCE). – also credited as the ¡°Father of Modern Politics¡±
Scope of Political Science
Political Theory
Doctrines related to the origin, form, behaviour and purposes of the state.
Public Law
A.) Organization of the Government
B.) Limitations of Government Authority
C.) Powers and Duties of Governmental Offices/Officers
D.) Obligations of the State
Scope of Political Science
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
HISTORY
¡°History is past politics – Politics is present history¡±
Economics
¡°Pol. Sci. Was once paired with economics thus was called ¡®Political Economy¡¯. Economic development affect the organization, development and activities of the state.¡±
Geography
¡°Geopolitics¡±
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
Sociology and Anthropology
¡°Concerned with the origins and nature of social control and government authority.¡±
Psychology
¡°Promotes mental and emotional processes¡±
Philosophy
¡°The concepts of Plato, Aristotle, Locke and etc. Are underlying forces in the framing of the constitution and laws.¡±
Interrelationship with other Branches of Learning
Statistics/ Logic
¡°A political scientist must employ scientific and systematic methods in gathering and evaluating data and in drawing conclusions ¡°
Jurisprudence
¡°A branch of public law which is a concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems and also with the ethical historical, sociological, psychological foundations of law.¡±
Function and Importance of Political Science
Discover Principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and study of operations of Government
Findings and Conclusions may be of immense practical use to constitution makers.
Deals with problems of social welfare, government economic programs, international cooperation...
Goals of Political Science
Education for Citizenship
Essential Parts of Liberal Education
Knowledge and understanding of the Government
THE STATE
THE STATE
A sovereign state, commonly simply referred to as a state, is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it difficult to exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states.
- wiki
THE STATE
Definition of the State:
In Political Science, the state is a group of people, permanently inhabiting a definite territory, independent from foreign rule, and having an organized government.
- Zaide
THE STATE
Definition of the State:
A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portions of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control
- De leon
Elements of the State
For the State to be recognized in the international community, it has to have all these four elements or else it will not to be a real state:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
People
The people is the most important element in a nation; the spirit of the land and grain are next; the sovereign(ruler) is the least in importance
- Mencius
Without the people that comprises the state; there would be no state as such. (Antarctica; comprises 10% of the worlds area but it is not a state)
Number of People in a state may vary ( China / Vatican)
Territory
Every State must have a territory which it exercises full control. The territory may vary from a mere dot on the map to a greater part of a continent or potions of two continents.
E.g. Australia( worlds smallest continent)
Russia (largest state)
Vatican (smallest state)
Government
A state must have a machinery of political administration, which is obeyed by the people and which is able to enforce its authority.
There is no standard form of government; it may be a monarchy, republic, democratic or dictatorship
Sovereignty
Means supreme authority in internal affairs and freedom from foreign control.
2 aspects:
Internal Sovereignty which means complete authority to rule over the people inside the state
External sovereignty which is independent from foreign control.
Sovereignty
An effective Sovereignty have 3 aspects;
Permanence
Exclusive
Comprehensiveness
Origin of the State
Divine Right Theory
It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the laws which Moses received at Mount Sinai.
Necessity or Force Theory
It maintains that states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.
Origin of the State
Paternalistic Theory
It attributes the origin of the states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father and mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation, and the nation became a state.
Origin of the State
Social Contract Theory
It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberately and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE and a NATION
1. State is a political concept and nation is an ethnic concept. A Nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term is more strictly synonymous with ¡°People¡±
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE and a NATION
2. A State is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of external control
3. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples and conversely, a single nation may be made of several states.
STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM GOVERNMENT
The acts of the government (within the limits of the delegation of powers) are the acts of the state, the former is meant when the latter is mentioned, and vice versa.
The government is only the agency through which the state expresses its will. A state cannot exist without the government, but it is possible to have a government without a state.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
As to the number of persons exercising sovereign:
a.) Monarchy
- Absolute Monarchy
- Limited Monarchy
b.) Aristocracy
c.) Democracy
- Direct or Pure Democracy
- Indirect, Representative, or Republican Democracy
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
2. As to the extent of powers exercised by the central or national government:
a.) Unitary Government
b.) Federal Government
3. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the Government
a.) Parliamentary Government
b.) Presidential Government
